Our Oriental Heritage is Volume I of the "Story of Civilization" written by Will and Ariel Durant. There are a total of 11 volumes.
Pentateuch = the Torah = the first 5 books of the old Testament,
claimed to have been written by Moses.
Introduction
THE ESTABLISHMENT OF CIVILIZATION
Chapter I: The Conditons of Civilization
Chapter II: The Economic Elements of Civilization
Chapter III: The Political Elements of Civilization
Chapter IV: The Moral Elements of Civilization
Chapter V: The Mental Elements of Civilization
Chronological Charft: Types and Cultures of Prehistoric Man: page 90
Chapter VI: The Prehistoric Beginnings of Civilization
Book one
THE NEAR EAST
Chronological Table of Near Eastern History: page 113
Chapter VII: Sumeria
Chapter VIII: Egypt
Chapter IX: Babylonia
Chapter X: Assyria
Chapter XI: A Motley of Nations
Chapter XII: Judea
Chapter XIII: Persia
- Cyrus the great
- Cambyses
- Darius the greatest king of Persia
Book Two
India and Her Neighbors
Chronological Table of Indian History
Chapter XIV: The Foundations of India
Chapter XV: Buddha
Chapter XVI: From Alexander to Aurangzeb
Chapter XVII: The Life of the People
Chapter XVIII: The Paradise of the Gods
Chapter XIX: The Life if the Mind
Chapter XX: The Literature of India
Chapter XXI: Indian Art
Chapter XXII: A Christian Epilogue
Book three
THE FAR EAST
A. China
Chronology of Chinese Civilization
Chapter XXIII: The Age of the Philosophers
Chapter XXIV: The Age of the Poets
Chapter XXV: The Age of the Artists
Chapter XXVI: The People and the State
Chapter XXVII: Revolution and Renewal
B. Japan
Chronology of Japanese Civlization
Chapter XXVIII: The Makers of Japan
Chapter XXIX: The Political and Moral Foundations
Chapter XXX: The Mind and Art of Old Japan
Chapter XXXI: The New Japan
Envoi: Our Oriental Heritage
Finished complete read on 10-28-2011.
Now on to Volume 2 about Greece.
Wednesday, September 21, 2011
Tuesday, September 20, 2011
The Story of Philosophy
Written by Will Durant: copyright first in 1926.
Philosophy means and includes: logic, esthetics, ethics, politics, and metaphysics.
Chapter I: Plato: 427 - 347 B. C. Socrates died 399 B. C.
Chapter II: Aristotle and Greek Science: 384 - 322 B. C.
Alexander died 323 B. C. (pupil of Aristotle)
Chapter III: Francis Bacon: 1561 - 1626
The most powerful mind of modern times.
Chapter IV: Baruch de Spinoza: 1632 - 1677
The greatest Jew of modern times.
Chapter V: Voltaire and the French Enlightment
Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire): 1694 - 1778
Includes a section on Voltaire and Rousseau.
Chapter VI: Immanuel Kant and German Idealism: 1724 - 1804
Voltaire to Kant
Locke to Kant
Rousseau to Kant
Kant Himself
A note on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: 1770 - 1831
Chapter VII: Arthur Schopenhauer: 1788 - 1860
Chapter VIII: Herbert Spencer: 1820 - 1903
Auguste Compte and Charles Darwin
Chapter IX: Friedrich Nietzsche: 1844 - 1900
Charles Darwin and Bismarck
Nietzsche and Wagner
Chapter X: Contemporary European Philosophers: Bergson, Croce, and Bertrand Russell.
Henri Bergson: 1859 - 1941. Nobel prize in Literature in 1927.
A French Jew.
Benedetto Croce: 1866 - 1952. Italian Catholic
Bertrand Russell: 1872 - 1970. Nobel prize in Lierature in 1950.
From England.
Chapter XI: Contemporary American Philosophers: Santayana, James and Dewey.
Santayana was born in Madrid in 1863 and died in Rome in 1952.
Taught at Harvard for 23 years.
William James was born in New York City in 1852 and died in 1910. MD degree at Harvard in 1870 and taught there for 38 years.
John Dewey was Born in Vermont in 1859 and died in 1952.
Taught philosopy at universities of Minnesota, Michigan and Chicago and head of philosophy department at Columbia.
Completed reading all 530 pages on 10/3/2011
Philosophy means and includes: logic, esthetics, ethics, politics, and metaphysics.
Chapter I: Plato: 427 - 347 B. C. Socrates died 399 B. C.
Chapter II: Aristotle and Greek Science: 384 - 322 B. C.
Alexander died 323 B. C. (pupil of Aristotle)
Chapter III: Francis Bacon: 1561 - 1626
The most powerful mind of modern times.
Chapter IV: Baruch de Spinoza: 1632 - 1677
The greatest Jew of modern times.
Chapter V: Voltaire and the French Enlightment
Francois-Marie Arouet (Voltaire): 1694 - 1778
Includes a section on Voltaire and Rousseau.
Chapter VI: Immanuel Kant and German Idealism: 1724 - 1804
Voltaire to Kant
Locke to Kant
Rousseau to Kant
Kant Himself
A note on Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: 1770 - 1831
Chapter VII: Arthur Schopenhauer: 1788 - 1860
Chapter VIII: Herbert Spencer: 1820 - 1903
Auguste Compte and Charles Darwin
Chapter IX: Friedrich Nietzsche: 1844 - 1900
Charles Darwin and Bismarck
Nietzsche and Wagner
Chapter X: Contemporary European Philosophers: Bergson, Croce, and Bertrand Russell.
Henri Bergson: 1859 - 1941. Nobel prize in Literature in 1927.
A French Jew.
Benedetto Croce: 1866 - 1952. Italian Catholic
Bertrand Russell: 1872 - 1970. Nobel prize in Lierature in 1950.
From England.
Chapter XI: Contemporary American Philosophers: Santayana, James and Dewey.
Santayana was born in Madrid in 1863 and died in Rome in 1952.
Taught at Harvard for 23 years.
William James was born in New York City in 1852 and died in 1910. MD degree at Harvard in 1870 and taught there for 38 years.
John Dewey was Born in Vermont in 1859 and died in 1952.
Taught philosopy at universities of Minnesota, Michigan and Chicago and head of philosophy department at Columbia.
Completed reading all 530 pages on 10/3/2011
Sunday, September 18, 2011
Lieutenant Kije (Kizhe in Russian)
Frank Mitch Learned tonight about a video of the original Lieutenant Kije (Kizhe in Russian) movie made in Russia in 1934 using the Prokofiev music. Go to Google videos to find this 90 minute video. Unforgetable!1 personYou like this.
Frank Mitch Here is a shortcut directly to the Video: http://bit.ly/CRDaN
Keep in mind the Lt. Kije is imaginary, created because the military was afraid to anger the Czar about a spelling error.
video.google.com
Friday, September 16, 2011
The Essays of Francis Bacon
Written in the 1500's
Of Truth
Of Death
Of Unity in Religion
Of Revenge
Of Adversity
OF Simulation and Dissimulation
Of Truth
Of Death
Of Unity in Religion
Of Revenge
Of Adversity
OF Simulation and Dissimulation
Sunday, September 4, 2011
The Complete Essays by Michel de Montaigne
Michel de Montaigne was born on February 28, 1533 at the chateau of St. Michel de Montaigne, in Bordeaux France.
Learned Latin before beginning French thanks to a German teacher. The study of Greek took precedence. Finished all classes at 13 and began the study of Law at 14.
He served in the government and military for many years.
First part of the book of essays appeared at Bordeaux in 1580, his age then was 57. He traveled to Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Augsburg, and Munich, all the while writing in his journal regarding his impressions of his visits. In 1581 he was elected Mayor of Bordeaux and served two 2 years terms. Two more editions of the book were printed in 1582 and 1587, a 4th impression came in 1588. Fresh additions came in 1589, 1590, and 1591. He died in 1592 in his 60th year.
THE LETTERS OF MONTAIGNE
I. Account of the death of La Boetie, 1571
II. Letter prefixed to Montaigne's translation of the "Natural Theology," printed in 1569
III. Letter sending a copy of OEconomics of Xenophon, put into French by the late M. de la Boetie (1570)
IV. Letter to M. de Mesmes. Privy Councillor to the King, regarding the late M. de la Boetie (1570)
V. Letter to M. de L'Hospital, Chancellor of France, regarding M. de la Boetie (1570)
VI. Letter to M. de Folx, Ambassador to the Signory of Venice, regarding the late M. de la Boetie (1570)
VII. Letter to Mademoiselle de Montaigne, his Wife, regarding the books and papers of his brother M. de la Boetie (1570)
BOOK THE FIRST
Chapter I
That Men by Various Ways Arrive at the Same End
Chapter II
Of Sorrow
Chapter III
That Our Affections Carry Themselves Beyond Us
Chapter IV
That the Soul Expends Its Passions Upon False Objects, Where the True Are Wanting
Chapter V
Whether the Governor of a Place Besieged Ought Himself to Go Out to Parley
Chapter VI
That the Hour of Parley Dangerous
Chapter VII
That the Intention is Judge of Our Actions
Chapter VIII
Of Idleness
Chapter IX
Of Liars
Chapter X
Of Quick or Slow Speech
Chapter XI
Of Prognostications
Chapter XII
Of Constancy
VOLUME 3:
Chapter XIII
The ceremony of the interview of Princes
Chapter XIV
That men are justly punished for being obstinate in the defence of a fort that is not in reason to defend.
Chapter XV
Of the punishment of cowardice
Chapter XVI
A proceeding of some ambassadors
Chapter XVII
Of fear
Chapter XVIII
That men are not to judge of our happiness till after death
Chapter XIX
That to study philosophy is to learn to die
Chapter XX
Of the force of imagination
Chapter XXI
That the profit of one man is the damage of another.
VOLUME 4
Chapter XXII
Of custom, and that we should not easily change a law received.
Chapter XXIII
Various events from the same counsel.
Chapter XXIV
Of Pedantry
Volume 5
Chapter XXV
Of the education of children
To Madame Diane de Foix, Comtesse de Gurson
Chapter XXVI
That it is Folly to Measure Truth and Error by Our Own Capacity.
Chapter XXVII
Of Friendship
Chapter XXVIII
Nine and Twenty Sonnets of Estienne de la Boite. To Madam de Grammont, Comtesse de Guissen.
Chapter XXIX
Learned Latin before beginning French thanks to a German teacher. The study of Greek took precedence. Finished all classes at 13 and began the study of Law at 14.
He served in the government and military for many years.
First part of the book of essays appeared at Bordeaux in 1580, his age then was 57. He traveled to Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Augsburg, and Munich, all the while writing in his journal regarding his impressions of his visits. In 1581 he was elected Mayor of Bordeaux and served two 2 years terms. Two more editions of the book were printed in 1582 and 1587, a 4th impression came in 1588. Fresh additions came in 1589, 1590, and 1591. He died in 1592 in his 60th year.
THE LETTERS OF MONTAIGNE
I. Account of the death of La Boetie, 1571
II. Letter prefixed to Montaigne's translation of the "Natural Theology," printed in 1569
III. Letter sending a copy of OEconomics of Xenophon, put into French by the late M. de la Boetie (1570)
IV. Letter to M. de Mesmes. Privy Councillor to the King, regarding the late M. de la Boetie (1570)
V. Letter to M. de L'Hospital, Chancellor of France, regarding M. de la Boetie (1570)
VI. Letter to M. de Folx, Ambassador to the Signory of Venice, regarding the late M. de la Boetie (1570)
VII. Letter to Mademoiselle de Montaigne, his Wife, regarding the books and papers of his brother M. de la Boetie (1570)
BOOK THE FIRST
Chapter I
That Men by Various Ways Arrive at the Same End
Chapter II
Of Sorrow
Chapter III
That Our Affections Carry Themselves Beyond Us
Chapter IV
That the Soul Expends Its Passions Upon False Objects, Where the True Are Wanting
Chapter V
Whether the Governor of a Place Besieged Ought Himself to Go Out to Parley
Chapter VI
That the Hour of Parley Dangerous
Chapter VII
That the Intention is Judge of Our Actions
Chapter VIII
Of Idleness
Chapter IX
Of Liars
Chapter X
Of Quick or Slow Speech
Chapter XI
Of Prognostications
Chapter XII
Of Constancy
VOLUME 3:
Chapter XIII
The ceremony of the interview of Princes
Chapter XIV
That men are justly punished for being obstinate in the defence of a fort that is not in reason to defend.
Chapter XV
Of the punishment of cowardice
Chapter XVI
A proceeding of some ambassadors
Chapter XVII
Of fear
Chapter XVIII
That men are not to judge of our happiness till after death
Chapter XIX
That to study philosophy is to learn to die
Chapter XX
Of the force of imagination
Chapter XXI
That the profit of one man is the damage of another.
VOLUME 4
Chapter XXII
Of custom, and that we should not easily change a law received.
Chapter XXIII
Various events from the same counsel.
Chapter XXIV
Of Pedantry
Volume 5
Chapter XXV
Of the education of children
To Madame Diane de Foix, Comtesse de Gurson
Chapter XXVI
That it is Folly to Measure Truth and Error by Our Own Capacity.
Chapter XXVII
Of Friendship
Chapter XXVIII
Nine and Twenty Sonnets of Estienne de la Boite. To Madam de Grammont, Comtesse de Guissen.
Chapter XXIX
Tuesday, August 9, 2011
Decamoran by Giovanni Boccaccio
Decamoran was written in 1350 - 1353 by Giovanni Boccaccio, book was surnamed Prince Galahalt. Contains 100 stories in 10 days, told by 7 ladies and 3 young men.
Important historical document of life in the 14th century. Influenced Geoffrey Chaucer.
The First Story
Day the First
Master Ciappeppetto dupeth a holy friar with a false confession and dieth, and having been in his lifetime the worst of men, he is after his death reputed a saint and called Saint Ciappelletto.
The Second Story
Day the First
Abraham the Jew, at the instigation of Jehannot de Chevign, goeth to the court of Rome and seeing the depravity of the clergy, returneth to Paris and there becometh a Christian.
The Third Story
Day the First
Melchizedek the Jew, with a story of 3 rings, escapeth a parlous snare set for him by Saladin.
The Fourth Story
Day the First
A monk, having fallen into a sin deserving of very grievous punishment, adroitly reproaching the same fault to his Abbot, quitteth himself of the penalty.
The Fifth Story
Day the First
The MArchioness of Monferrato, with a dinner of hens and certain sprightly words, curbeth the extravagant passion of the King of France.
The Sixth Story
Day the First
An honest man, with a chance pleasantry, putteth to shame the perverse hypocrisy of the religious orders.
The Seventh Story
Day the First
Bergamino, with a story of Priomasso and the Abbott of Cluny, courteously rebuketh a fit of parsimony newly come to Messer Cane della Scala.
The Eighth Story
Day the First
Guglielmo Borsiere with some quaint words rebuketh the niggardliness of Messer Ermino de Grimaldi.
The Ninth Story
Day the First
The King of Cyprus, touched to the quick by a Gascon lady, from a mean-spirited prince becometh a man of worth and valiance.
The Tenth Story
Day the First
Master Alberto of Bologna civilly putteth a lady to the blush who thought to have shamed him of being enamoured of her.
DAY THE SECOND
Those who after being baffled by divers chances have won at last to a joyful issue beyond thir hope.
The First Story
Day the Second
Martellino feigneth himself a cripple and maketh believe to wax whole upon the body of St. Arrigo his imposture being discovered, he is beaten and being after taken (for a thief), goeth in peril of being hanged by the neck, but ultimately escapeth.
The Second Story
Day the Second
Rinaldo D'Asti, having been robbed, maketh his way to Castel Gugliemo, where he is hospitably entertained by a widow lady and having made good his loss, returneth to his own house, safe and sound.
The Third Story
Day the Second
Three young men squander their substance and become poor; but a nephew of theirs, returning home in desparation, falleth in with an Abbot and findeth him to be the King's daughter of England, who taketh him to husband and maketh good all his uncles' losses, restoring them to good estate.
The Fourth Story
Day the SecondLandolfo Ruffolo, grown poor, turneth Corsair and being taken by the Genose, is wrecked at sea, but saveth himself upon a coffer full of jewels of price and being entertained in Corfu by a woman, returneth home rich.
The Fifth Story
Day the Second
Andreuccio of Perugia, coming to Naples to buy horses, is in one night overtaken with three grievous accidents, but escapeth them all and returneth home with a ruby.
The Sixth Story
Day the Second
Madam Beritola, having lost her two sons, is found on a desert island with two kids and goeth thence into Lunigiana, where one of her sons, taking service with the Lord of the country, lieth with his daughter and is cast into prison. Sicily after rebelling against King Charles and the youth being recognized by his mother, he espouseth his Lord's daughter, and his brother being likewise found, they are all three restored to high estate.
The Seventh Story
Day the Second
The Soldan of Babylon sendeth a daughter of his to be married to the King of Algarve, and she by divers chances, in the space of four years cometh to the hands of nine men in various places. Ultimately, being restored to ber father for a maid, she goeth to the King of Algarve to wife, as first she did.
The Eighth Story
Day the Second
The Count of Antwerp, being falsely accused, goeth into exile and leaveth his two children in different places in England, whither after awhile, returning in disguise and finding them in good case, he taketh service of the King of France and being approved and innocent, is restored to his former estate.
The Ninth Story
Day the Second
Bernabo of Genoa, duped by Ambrogiuola, loseth his good and commandeth that his innocent wife be put to death. She escapeth and serveth the Soldan in a man's habit. Here she lighteth upon the deceiver of her husband and bringeth the latter to Alexandria, where her traducer being punished, she resumeth woman's apparel and returneth to Genoa with her husband, rich.
The Tenth Story
Day the Second
Paganino of Monaco stealeth away the wife of Messer Ricciardo di Chinzia, who learning where she is, goeth thither and making friends with Paganino, demandeth her again of him. The latter concedeth her to him, and she will; but she refuseth to return with him and Messer Ricciardo dying, she becometh the wife of Paganino.
DAY THE THIRD:
OF SUCH AS HAVE, BY DINT OF DILIGENCE, ACQUIRED SOME MUCH DESIRED THING AND RECOVERED SOME LOST GOOD.
The First Story
Day of the Third
Masetto of Lamporecchio feigneth himself dumb and becometh gardener to a convent of women, who all flock to lie with him.
The Second Story
Day of the Third
A Horsekeeper lieth with the wife of King Agilulf, who becoming aware thereof, without word said, findeth him out and polleth him; but the polled man polleth all his fellows on likewise and so escapeth hap.
The Third Story
Day of the Third
Under colour of confession and of exceeding niceness of conscience, a lady being enamoured of a young man, bringeth a brave friar, without him misdoubting him thereof, to afford a means of giving entire effect to her pleasure.
The Fourth Story
Day of the Third
Dom Felice teacheth Fra Fuccio how he may become beatified by performing a certain penance of his fashion, which the other doth, and Dom Felice meanwhile leadeth a merry life of it with the good man's wife.
The Fifth Story
Day of the Third
Ricciardo, surnamed il Zima, giveth Messer Francesco Vergellesi a palfrey of his and hath therefor his leave to speak with his wife. She keeping silence, he in her person replieth unto himself, and in effect after ensueth in in accordance with his answer.
The Sixth Story
Day of the Third
Ricciardo Minutolo, being enamoured of the wife of Filippello Fighinolfi and knowing her jealousy of her husband, contriveth, by representing that Filippello was on the ensuing day to be with his own wife in a bagnio, thinking to be with her husband, she findeth that she hath abidden with Ricciardo.
The Seventh Story
Day of the Third
Tedaldo Elisel, having fallen out with his mistress. departeth Florence and returning thither, after awhile, in a pilgrim's favour, speaketh with the Lady and maketh her cognisant of her error; after which he delivereth her husband, and who had been convicted of murdering him, from death and reconciling him with his brethren, thence forward discreetly enjoyeth himself with his mistress.
The Eighth Story
Day of the Third
Ferondo, having swallowed a certain powder, is emtombed for dead and being taken forth of the sepulchre by the Abbot, who enjoyeth his wife the while, is put in prison and given to believe that he is in purgatory; after which being raised up again, he reareth for his own a child begotten of the Abbot on his wife.
The Ninth Story
Day of the Third
Gilette de Narbonne recovereth the King of France of a fistuola and demandeth for her husband Bertrand de Roussillon, who marrieth her against his will and betaketh him for despite to Florence, where, he paying court to a young lady, Gillette, in the person of the latter, lieth with him and hath by him two sons; wherefore after, holding her dear, he entertaineth her for his wife.
The Tenth Story
Day of the Third
Alibech, turning hermit, is taught by Rustico, a Monk, to put to the Devil in Hell, and being after brought away thence, becometh Neerbale his wife
Day the Fourth
THOSE WHOSE LOVES HAVE HAD UNHAPPY ENDINGS
The First Story
Day the Fourth
Tancred, Prince of Salerno, slayeth his daughter's lover and sendeth her his heart in a bowl of gold; whereupon, poisoned water over it, she drinketh thereof and dieth.
The Second Story
Day the Fourth
Fra Alberto giveth a lady to believe that the Angel Gabriel is enamoured of her and in his shape lieth with her sundry times; after which for fear of her kinsmen, he casteth himself forth of her window into the canal and taketh refuge in the house of a poor man, who on the morrow carrieth him, in the guise of a wild man of the woods, to the piazza, where, being recognized, he is taken by his brethren and put in prison
The Third Story
Day the Fourth
Three young men love three sisters and flee with them into Crete, where the eldest sister for jealousy slayeth her lover. The second, yielding herself to the Duke of Crete, saveth her sister from death, whereupon her own lover slayeth her and fleeth with the eldest sister. Meanwhile the third lover and the youngest sister are accused of the new murder and being taken, confess it; then, for fear of death, they corrupt their keepers with money and flee to Rhodes, where they die in poverty.
The Fourth Story
Day the Fourth
Gerbino, against the plighted faith of his grandfather, KingGuglielmo of Sicily, attacketh a ship of the King of Tunis, to carry off a daughter of his, who being put to death of those on board, he slayeth these latter and is himself beheaded.
The Fifth Story
Day the Fourth
Lisabetta's brothers slay her lover, who appeareth to her in a dream and showeth her where he is buried, whereupon she privily disinterreth his head and setteth it in a pot of basil. Thereover making moan a great while every day, her brothers take it from her and she for grief dieth a little thereafterward.
The Sixth Story
Day of the Fourth
Andrevuola loveth Gabrotto and recounteth to him a dream she hath had, whereupon he telleth her one of his own and presently dieth suddenly in her arms. What while she and a waiting woman of hers bear him to his own house, they are taken by the officers of justice and carried before the Provost, to whom she discovereth how the case standeth. The Provost would fain force her, but she suffereth it not and her father, coming to hear of the matter, procureth her to be set at liberty, she being found innocent; whereupon, altogether refusing to abide longer in the world, she becometh a Nun.
The Seventh Story
Day of the Fourth
Simona lovetrh Pasquino and they being together in a garden, the latter rubbeth a leaf of sage against his teeth and dieth. She, being taken and thinking to show the Judge how her lover died, rubbeth one of the same leaves against her teeth and dieth on like wise.
The Eighth Story
Day of the Fourth
Girolamo loveth Salvestra and being constrained by his mother's prayers to go to Paris, returneth and findeth his mistress married; whereupon he entereth her house by stealth and dieth by her side; and he being carried to a church, salvestra dieth beside him.
The Ninth Story
Day of the Fourth
Sir Guillaume de Roussillon giveth his wife to eat the heart of Sir Guillaume de Guardestaing by him slain and loved of her, which she after coming to know, casteth herself from a high casement to the ground and dying, is buried with her lover.
The Tenth Story
Day of the Fourth
Important historical document of life in the 14th century. Influenced Geoffrey Chaucer.
The First Story
Day the First
Master Ciappeppetto dupeth a holy friar with a false confession and dieth, and having been in his lifetime the worst of men, he is after his death reputed a saint and called Saint Ciappelletto.
The Second Story
Day the First
Abraham the Jew, at the instigation of Jehannot de Chevign, goeth to the court of Rome and seeing the depravity of the clergy, returneth to Paris and there becometh a Christian.
The Third Story
Day the First
Melchizedek the Jew, with a story of 3 rings, escapeth a parlous snare set for him by Saladin.
The Fourth Story
Day the First
A monk, having fallen into a sin deserving of very grievous punishment, adroitly reproaching the same fault to his Abbot, quitteth himself of the penalty.
The Fifth Story
Day the First
The MArchioness of Monferrato, with a dinner of hens and certain sprightly words, curbeth the extravagant passion of the King of France.
The Sixth Story
Day the First
An honest man, with a chance pleasantry, putteth to shame the perverse hypocrisy of the religious orders.
The Seventh Story
Day the First
Bergamino, with a story of Priomasso and the Abbott of Cluny, courteously rebuketh a fit of parsimony newly come to Messer Cane della Scala.
The Eighth Story
Day the First
Guglielmo Borsiere with some quaint words rebuketh the niggardliness of Messer Ermino de Grimaldi.
The Ninth Story
Day the First
The King of Cyprus, touched to the quick by a Gascon lady, from a mean-spirited prince becometh a man of worth and valiance.
The Tenth Story
Day the First
Master Alberto of Bologna civilly putteth a lady to the blush who thought to have shamed him of being enamoured of her.
DAY THE SECOND
Those who after being baffled by divers chances have won at last to a joyful issue beyond thir hope.
The First Story
Day the Second
Martellino feigneth himself a cripple and maketh believe to wax whole upon the body of St. Arrigo his imposture being discovered, he is beaten and being after taken (for a thief), goeth in peril of being hanged by the neck, but ultimately escapeth.
The Second Story
Day the Second
Rinaldo D'Asti, having been robbed, maketh his way to Castel Gugliemo, where he is hospitably entertained by a widow lady and having made good his loss, returneth to his own house, safe and sound.
The Third Story
Day the Second
Three young men squander their substance and become poor; but a nephew of theirs, returning home in desparation, falleth in with an Abbot and findeth him to be the King's daughter of England, who taketh him to husband and maketh good all his uncles' losses, restoring them to good estate.
The Fourth Story
Day the SecondLandolfo Ruffolo, grown poor, turneth Corsair and being taken by the Genose, is wrecked at sea, but saveth himself upon a coffer full of jewels of price and being entertained in Corfu by a woman, returneth home rich.
The Fifth Story
Day the Second
Andreuccio of Perugia, coming to Naples to buy horses, is in one night overtaken with three grievous accidents, but escapeth them all and returneth home with a ruby.
The Sixth Story
Day the Second
Madam Beritola, having lost her two sons, is found on a desert island with two kids and goeth thence into Lunigiana, where one of her sons, taking service with the Lord of the country, lieth with his daughter and is cast into prison. Sicily after rebelling against King Charles and the youth being recognized by his mother, he espouseth his Lord's daughter, and his brother being likewise found, they are all three restored to high estate.
The Seventh Story
Day the Second
The Soldan of Babylon sendeth a daughter of his to be married to the King of Algarve, and she by divers chances, in the space of four years cometh to the hands of nine men in various places. Ultimately, being restored to ber father for a maid, she goeth to the King of Algarve to wife, as first she did.
The Eighth Story
Day the Second
The Count of Antwerp, being falsely accused, goeth into exile and leaveth his two children in different places in England, whither after awhile, returning in disguise and finding them in good case, he taketh service of the King of France and being approved and innocent, is restored to his former estate.
The Ninth Story
Day the Second
Bernabo of Genoa, duped by Ambrogiuola, loseth his good and commandeth that his innocent wife be put to death. She escapeth and serveth the Soldan in a man's habit. Here she lighteth upon the deceiver of her husband and bringeth the latter to Alexandria, where her traducer being punished, she resumeth woman's apparel and returneth to Genoa with her husband, rich.
The Tenth Story
Day the Second
Paganino of Monaco stealeth away the wife of Messer Ricciardo di Chinzia, who learning where she is, goeth thither and making friends with Paganino, demandeth her again of him. The latter concedeth her to him, and she will; but she refuseth to return with him and Messer Ricciardo dying, she becometh the wife of Paganino.
DAY THE THIRD:
OF SUCH AS HAVE, BY DINT OF DILIGENCE, ACQUIRED SOME MUCH DESIRED THING AND RECOVERED SOME LOST GOOD.
The First Story
Day of the Third
Masetto of Lamporecchio feigneth himself dumb and becometh gardener to a convent of women, who all flock to lie with him.
The Second Story
Day of the Third
A Horsekeeper lieth with the wife of King Agilulf, who becoming aware thereof, without word said, findeth him out and polleth him; but the polled man polleth all his fellows on likewise and so escapeth hap.
The Third Story
Day of the Third
Under colour of confession and of exceeding niceness of conscience, a lady being enamoured of a young man, bringeth a brave friar, without him misdoubting him thereof, to afford a means of giving entire effect to her pleasure.
The Fourth Story
Day of the Third
Dom Felice teacheth Fra Fuccio how he may become beatified by performing a certain penance of his fashion, which the other doth, and Dom Felice meanwhile leadeth a merry life of it with the good man's wife.
The Fifth Story
Day of the Third
Ricciardo, surnamed il Zima, giveth Messer Francesco Vergellesi a palfrey of his and hath therefor his leave to speak with his wife. She keeping silence, he in her person replieth unto himself, and in effect after ensueth in in accordance with his answer.
The Sixth Story
Day of the Third
Ricciardo Minutolo, being enamoured of the wife of Filippello Fighinolfi and knowing her jealousy of her husband, contriveth, by representing that Filippello was on the ensuing day to be with his own wife in a bagnio, thinking to be with her husband, she findeth that she hath abidden with Ricciardo.
The Seventh Story
Day of the Third
Tedaldo Elisel, having fallen out with his mistress. departeth Florence and returning thither, after awhile, in a pilgrim's favour, speaketh with the Lady and maketh her cognisant of her error; after which he delivereth her husband, and who had been convicted of murdering him, from death and reconciling him with his brethren, thence forward discreetly enjoyeth himself with his mistress.
The Eighth Story
Day of the Third
Ferondo, having swallowed a certain powder, is emtombed for dead and being taken forth of the sepulchre by the Abbot, who enjoyeth his wife the while, is put in prison and given to believe that he is in purgatory; after which being raised up again, he reareth for his own a child begotten of the Abbot on his wife.
The Ninth Story
Day of the Third
Gilette de Narbonne recovereth the King of France of a fistuola and demandeth for her husband Bertrand de Roussillon, who marrieth her against his will and betaketh him for despite to Florence, where, he paying court to a young lady, Gillette, in the person of the latter, lieth with him and hath by him two sons; wherefore after, holding her dear, he entertaineth her for his wife.
The Tenth Story
Day of the Third
Alibech, turning hermit, is taught by Rustico, a Monk, to put to the Devil in Hell, and being after brought away thence, becometh Neerbale his wife
Day the Fourth
THOSE WHOSE LOVES HAVE HAD UNHAPPY ENDINGS
The First Story
Day the Fourth
Tancred, Prince of Salerno, slayeth his daughter's lover and sendeth her his heart in a bowl of gold; whereupon, poisoned water over it, she drinketh thereof and dieth.
The Second Story
Day the Fourth
Fra Alberto giveth a lady to believe that the Angel Gabriel is enamoured of her and in his shape lieth with her sundry times; after which for fear of her kinsmen, he casteth himself forth of her window into the canal and taketh refuge in the house of a poor man, who on the morrow carrieth him, in the guise of a wild man of the woods, to the piazza, where, being recognized, he is taken by his brethren and put in prison
The Third Story
Day the Fourth
Three young men love three sisters and flee with them into Crete, where the eldest sister for jealousy slayeth her lover. The second, yielding herself to the Duke of Crete, saveth her sister from death, whereupon her own lover slayeth her and fleeth with the eldest sister. Meanwhile the third lover and the youngest sister are accused of the new murder and being taken, confess it; then, for fear of death, they corrupt their keepers with money and flee to Rhodes, where they die in poverty.
The Fourth Story
Day the Fourth
Gerbino, against the plighted faith of his grandfather, KingGuglielmo of Sicily, attacketh a ship of the King of Tunis, to carry off a daughter of his, who being put to death of those on board, he slayeth these latter and is himself beheaded.
The Fifth Story
Day the Fourth
Lisabetta's brothers slay her lover, who appeareth to her in a dream and showeth her where he is buried, whereupon she privily disinterreth his head and setteth it in a pot of basil. Thereover making moan a great while every day, her brothers take it from her and she for grief dieth a little thereafterward.
The Sixth Story
Day of the Fourth
Andrevuola loveth Gabrotto and recounteth to him a dream she hath had, whereupon he telleth her one of his own and presently dieth suddenly in her arms. What while she and a waiting woman of hers bear him to his own house, they are taken by the officers of justice and carried before the Provost, to whom she discovereth how the case standeth. The Provost would fain force her, but she suffereth it not and her father, coming to hear of the matter, procureth her to be set at liberty, she being found innocent; whereupon, altogether refusing to abide longer in the world, she becometh a Nun.
The Seventh Story
Day of the Fourth
Simona lovetrh Pasquino and they being together in a garden, the latter rubbeth a leaf of sage against his teeth and dieth. She, being taken and thinking to show the Judge how her lover died, rubbeth one of the same leaves against her teeth and dieth on like wise.
The Eighth Story
Day of the Fourth
Girolamo loveth Salvestra and being constrained by his mother's prayers to go to Paris, returneth and findeth his mistress married; whereupon he entereth her house by stealth and dieth by her side; and he being carried to a church, salvestra dieth beside him.
The Ninth Story
Day of the Fourth
Sir Guillaume de Roussillon giveth his wife to eat the heart of Sir Guillaume de Guardestaing by him slain and loved of her, which she after coming to know, casteth herself from a high casement to the ground and dying, is buried with her lover.
The Tenth Story
Day of the Fourth
Sunday, August 7, 2011
The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer
This collection was designed for optimal navigation on Kindle and other electronic devices. All books included in this collection feature a hyperlinked table of contents and footnotes. The collection is complimented by an author biography.
Table of Contents
The Canterbury TalesThe Assembly of FowlsChaucer's A. B. CChaucer's DreamThe Court of LoveThe Cuckoo and the NightingaleThe House of Fame The Legend of Good WomenMiscellaneous PoemsTroilus and Cressida
AppendixGeoffrey Chaucer Biography
Beginning to delve into the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, written 1380's to 1390's. His greatness recognized in his time. A possible indication that his career as a writer was appreciated came when Edward III granted Chaucer "a gallon of wine daily for the rest of his life" for some unspecified task. This was an unusual grant, but given on a day of celebration, St George's Day, 1374, when artistic endeavours were traditionally rewarded.
THE CANTERBURY TALES
The prologue
The group to travel on a pilgrimage and tell stories,
a group of 30:
A Knight
A young Squire, son of the Knight
A Yeoman
A Prioress, a Nun (Madame Eglentine)
A Priestes, another Nun
A Monk
A Friar (name = Huberd)
A Merchant
A Clerk (of Oxenford)
A Sergeant of the Law
A Frankelin (rich landowner) (also a member of Parliament)
A Haberdasher
A Carpenter
A Dyer
A Weaver
A Tapestry Maker
A Cook
A Shipman
Doctor of Physic
A good Wife (had 5 husbands)
A poor Parson of a town
A Ploughman
A Miller
A gentle Manciple (steward or purveyor)
A Reeve
A Sompnour (summoner)
A gentle Pardonere
The leader telling the story.
= a total of 30 persons.
The Knight's Tale
Table of Contents
The Canterbury TalesThe Assembly of FowlsChaucer's A. B. CChaucer's DreamThe Court of LoveThe Cuckoo and the NightingaleThe House of Fame The Legend of Good WomenMiscellaneous PoemsTroilus and Cressida
AppendixGeoffrey Chaucer Biography
Beginning to delve into the Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, written 1380's to 1390's. His greatness recognized in his time. A possible indication that his career as a writer was appreciated came when Edward III granted Chaucer "a gallon of wine daily for the rest of his life" for some unspecified task. This was an unusual grant, but given on a day of celebration, St George's Day, 1374, when artistic endeavours were traditionally rewarded.
THE CANTERBURY TALES
The prologue
The group to travel on a pilgrimage and tell stories,
a group of 30:
A Knight
A young Squire, son of the Knight
A Yeoman
A Prioress, a Nun (Madame Eglentine)
A Priestes, another Nun
A Monk
A Friar (name = Huberd)
A Merchant
A Clerk (of Oxenford)
A Sergeant of the Law
A Frankelin (rich landowner) (also a member of Parliament)
A Haberdasher
A Carpenter
A Dyer
A Weaver
A Tapestry Maker
A Cook
A Shipman
Doctor of Physic
A good Wife (had 5 husbands)
A poor Parson of a town
A Ploughman
A Miller
A gentle Manciple (steward or purveyor)
A Reeve
A Sompnour (summoner)
A gentle Pardonere
The leader telling the story.
= a total of 30 persons.
The Knight's Tale
Summa Theologica
The Summa Theologica (Latin: "Summary of Theology" or "Highest Theology") is the most famous work of Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274). It was intended as a manual for beginners as a compilation of all of the main theological teachings of the time. It summarizes the reasoning of all points of Christian theology, which before the Protestant Reformation subsisted solely in the Roman Catholic Church. The Summa's topics follow a cycle: the existence of God; God's creation, Man; Man's purpose; Christ; the Sacraments; and back to God. It is famous for its five arguments for the existence of God, the Quinquae viae (Latin: five ways). Throughout his work, Aquinas cites Augustine of Hippo, Aristotle, and other Christian, Jewish, Muslim and ancient pagan scholars.
FIRST PART
Question 1. The Nature and Extent of Sacred Doctrine (10 articles)
Question 2. The existence of God (3 articles)
Question 3. Of the Simplicity of God (8 articles)
Question 4. The Perfection of God (3 articles)
Question 5. Of Goodness in General (6 articles)
Question 6. The Goodness of God (4 articles)
Question 7. The Infinity of God (4 articles)
Question 8. The Existence of God in Things (4 articles)
Question 9. The Immutability of God (2 articles)
Question 10. The Eternity of God (6 articles)
Question 11. The Unity of God (4 articles)
Question 12. How God is known by Us (13 articles)
Question 13. The Names of God (12 articles)
Question 14. Of God's Knowledge (16 articles)
Question 15. Of Ideas (3 aricles)
Question 16. Of Truth (8 articles)
Question 17. Concerning Falsity (4 articles)
Question 18. The Life of God (4 articles)
Question 19. The Will of God (12 articles)
Question 20. God's Love (4 articles)
Question 21. The Justice and Mercy of God (4 articles)
Question 22. The Providence of God (4 articles)
Question 23. Of Predestination (4 articles)
Question 24. The Book of Life (3 articles)
Question 25. The Power of God (6 articles)
Question 26. The Divine Beatitude (4 articles)
TREATISE ON THE MOST HOLY TRINITY (QQ. 27-43)
Question 27. The Processions of the Divine Persons (5 articles)
Question 28. The Divine Relations (4 articles)
Question 29. The Divine Persons (4 articles)
Question 30. The Plurality of Persons In GOD (4 articles)
Question 31. What Belongs to the Unity or Plurality in God
(4 articles)
Question 32. The Knowledge of the Divine Persons (4 articles)
Question 33. Of the Person of the Father (4 articles)
Question 34. Of the Person of the Son (3 articles)
Question 35. Of the Image (2 articles)
Question 36. Of the Person of the Holy Ghost (4 articles)
Question 37. Of the Name of the Holy Ghost Love (2 articles)
Question 38. Of the Name of the Holy Ghost, as Gift (2 articles)
Question 39. Of the Persons in Relation to the Essence
(8 articles)
Question 40. Of the Persons as Compared to the Relations or Properties (4 articles)
Question 41. Of the Persons in Reference to the Notional Acts
(6 articles)
Question 42. Of Equality and Likeness Among the Divine Persons (6 articles)
Question 43. The Mission of the Divine Persons (8 articles)
TREATISE ON THE CREATION (QQ 44-49)
Question 44. The Procession of Creatures from God, and of the First Cause of All Things (4 articles)
Question 45. The Mode of Emanation of Things From the First Principle. (8 articles)
Question 46. Of the Beginning of the Duration of Creatures
(3 articles)
Question 47. Of the Distinction of Things in General (3 articles)
Question 48. The Distinction of Things in Particular (6 articles)
Question 49. The Cause of Evil (3 articles)
TREATISE ONN THE ANGELS (QQ 50-64)
Question 50. On the Substance of the Angels Absolutely Considered (5 articles)
Question 51. Of the Angels in Comparison With Bodies
(3 articles)
Question 52. Of the Angels in Relation to Place (3 articles)
Question 53. Of the Local Movement of the Angels (3 articles)
Question 54. Of the Knowledge of the Angels (5 articles)
Question 55. Of the Medium of the Angelic Knowledge
(3 articles)
Question 56. Of the Angel's Knowledge of Immaterial Things
(3rticles)
Question 57. Of the Angel's Knowledge of Material Things
(5 articles)
Question 58. The Mode of Angelic Knowledge (7 articles)
Question 59. The Will of the Angels (4 articles)
Question 60. Of the Love or Dilection of the Angels (5 articles)
Question 61. Of the Production of the Angels in the Order of Natural Being (4 articles)
Question 62. Of the Perfection of the Angels in the Order of Grace and of Glory (9 articles)
Question 63. The Malice of the Angels with Regard to Sin
(9 articles)
Question 64. The Punishment of the Demons (4 articles)
TREATISE ON THE WORK OF THE SIX DAYS (QQ. 65-74)
Question 65. The Work of Creation of Corporeal Creatures
(4 articles)
Question 66. On the Order of Creation Toward Distinction
(4 articles)
Question 67. On the Work of Distiction in Itself (4 articles)
Question 68. On the Work of the Second Day (4 articles)
Question 69. On the Work of the Third Day (2 articles)
Question 70. Of the Work of Adornment, as Regards the Fourth Day (3 articles)
Question 71. On the Work of the Fifth Day (1 article)
Question 72. On the Work of the Sixth Day (1 article)
Question 73. On the Things that Belong to the Seventh Day
(3 articles)
Question 74. On all the Seven Days in Common (3 articles)
TREATISE ON MAN (QQ. 75-102)
Question 75. Of Man Who is Composed of a Spiritual and a Corporeal Substance; and in the First Place, Concerning What Belongs to the Essence of the Soul. (7 articles)
Question 76. Of the Union of Body and Soul (8 articles)
Question 77. Of those Things which Belong to the Powers of the Soul in General (8 articles)
Question 78. Of the Specific Powers of the Soul (4 articles)
Question 79. Of the Intellectual Powers. (13 articles)
Question 80. Of the Appetitive Powers in General (2 articles)
Question 81. Of the Power of Sensuality (3 articles)
Question 82. Of the Will (5 articles)
Question 83. Of Free-Will (4 articles)
Question 84. How the Soul While United to the Body Understands Corporeal Things Beneath it. (8 articles)
Question 85. Of the Mode and Order of Understanding
(8 articles)
Question 86. What our Intellect Knows in Material Things
(4 articles)
Question 87. How the Intellectual Soul Knows Itself and all Within Itself. (4 articles)
Question 88. How the Human Soul Knows What is Above Itself
(3 articles)
Question 89. Of the Knowledge of the Separated Soul (8 articles)
Question 90. Of the First Production of Man's Soul (4 articles:
Question 91. The Production of the First Man's Body (4 articles)
Question 92. The Production of the Woman (4 articles)
Question 93. The End or Term of the Production of Man
(9 articles)
Question 94. Of the State and Condition of the first Man as Regards His Intellect (4 articles)
Question 95. Of things Pertaining to the First Man's Will -- Namely Grace and Righteousness (4 articles)
Question 96. Of the Mastership Belonging to Man in the State of Innocence (4 articles)
Question 97. Of the Preservation of the Individual in the Primitive State (4 articles
Question 98. Of the Preservation of the Species (2 articles)
Question 99. Of the Condition of the Offspring as to the body
(2 articles)
Question 100. Of the Condition of the Offspring as Regards Righteousness (2 articles)
Question 101. Of the Condition of the Offspring as Regards Knowledge (2 articles)
Question 102. Of Man's Abode, Which is Paradise (4 articles)
TREATISE ON THE CONSERVATION AND GOVERNMENT OF CREATURES (QQ. 103-119)
Question 103. Of the Government of Things in General
(8 articles)
Question 104. The Special Effects of the Divine Government
(4 articles)
Question 105. Of the Change of Creatures by God (8 articles)
Question 106. How One Creature Moves Another (4 articles)
Question 107. The Speech of the Angels (5 articles)
Question 108. Of the Angelic Degrees of Hierarchies and Orders
(8 articles)
Question 109. The Ordering of the Bad Angels (4 articles)
Question 110. How Angels Act on Bodies (4 articles)
Question 111. The Action of Angels on Man (4 articles)
Question 112. The Mission of the Angels (4 articles)
Question 113. Of the Guardianship of the Good Angels
(8 articles)
Question 114. Of the Assaults of the Demons (5 articles)
Question 115. Of the Action of the Corporeal Creature (6 articles)
Question 116. On Fate (4 articles)
Question 117. Of Things Pertaining to the Action of Man
(4 articles)
Question 118. Of the Production of Man from Man as to the Soul
(3 articles)
Question 119. Of the Propagation of Man as to the Body
(2 articles)
THE SECOND PART ("Prima Secundae")
First Part of the Second Part (QQ. 1-114)
TREATISE ON THE LAST END (QQ. 1-5)
FIRST PART
Question 1. The Nature and Extent of Sacred Doctrine (10 articles)
Question 2. The existence of God (3 articles)
Question 3. Of the Simplicity of God (8 articles)
Question 4. The Perfection of God (3 articles)
Question 5. Of Goodness in General (6 articles)
Question 6. The Goodness of God (4 articles)
Question 7. The Infinity of God (4 articles)
Question 8. The Existence of God in Things (4 articles)
Question 9. The Immutability of God (2 articles)
Question 10. The Eternity of God (6 articles)
Question 11. The Unity of God (4 articles)
Question 12. How God is known by Us (13 articles)
Question 13. The Names of God (12 articles)
Question 14. Of God's Knowledge (16 articles)
Question 15. Of Ideas (3 aricles)
Question 16. Of Truth (8 articles)
Question 17. Concerning Falsity (4 articles)
Question 18. The Life of God (4 articles)
Question 19. The Will of God (12 articles)
Question 20. God's Love (4 articles)
Question 21. The Justice and Mercy of God (4 articles)
Question 22. The Providence of God (4 articles)
Question 23. Of Predestination (4 articles)
Question 24. The Book of Life (3 articles)
Question 25. The Power of God (6 articles)
Question 26. The Divine Beatitude (4 articles)
TREATISE ON THE MOST HOLY TRINITY (QQ. 27-43)
Question 27. The Processions of the Divine Persons (5 articles)
Question 28. The Divine Relations (4 articles)
Question 29. The Divine Persons (4 articles)
Question 30. The Plurality of Persons In GOD (4 articles)
Question 31. What Belongs to the Unity or Plurality in God
(4 articles)
Question 32. The Knowledge of the Divine Persons (4 articles)
Question 33. Of the Person of the Father (4 articles)
Question 34. Of the Person of the Son (3 articles)
Question 35. Of the Image (2 articles)
Question 36. Of the Person of the Holy Ghost (4 articles)
Question 37. Of the Name of the Holy Ghost Love (2 articles)
Question 38. Of the Name of the Holy Ghost, as Gift (2 articles)
Question 39. Of the Persons in Relation to the Essence
(8 articles)
Question 40. Of the Persons as Compared to the Relations or Properties (4 articles)
Question 41. Of the Persons in Reference to the Notional Acts
(6 articles)
Question 42. Of Equality and Likeness Among the Divine Persons (6 articles)
Question 43. The Mission of the Divine Persons (8 articles)
TREATISE ON THE CREATION (QQ 44-49)
Question 44. The Procession of Creatures from God, and of the First Cause of All Things (4 articles)
Question 45. The Mode of Emanation of Things From the First Principle. (8 articles)
Question 46. Of the Beginning of the Duration of Creatures
(3 articles)
Question 47. Of the Distinction of Things in General (3 articles)
Question 48. The Distinction of Things in Particular (6 articles)
Question 49. The Cause of Evil (3 articles)
TREATISE ONN THE ANGELS (QQ 50-64)
Question 50. On the Substance of the Angels Absolutely Considered (5 articles)
Question 51. Of the Angels in Comparison With Bodies
(3 articles)
Question 52. Of the Angels in Relation to Place (3 articles)
Question 53. Of the Local Movement of the Angels (3 articles)
Question 54. Of the Knowledge of the Angels (5 articles)
Question 55. Of the Medium of the Angelic Knowledge
(3 articles)
Question 56. Of the Angel's Knowledge of Immaterial Things
(3rticles)
Question 57. Of the Angel's Knowledge of Material Things
(5 articles)
Question 58. The Mode of Angelic Knowledge (7 articles)
Question 59. The Will of the Angels (4 articles)
Question 60. Of the Love or Dilection of the Angels (5 articles)
Question 61. Of the Production of the Angels in the Order of Natural Being (4 articles)
Question 62. Of the Perfection of the Angels in the Order of Grace and of Glory (9 articles)
Question 63. The Malice of the Angels with Regard to Sin
(9 articles)
Question 64. The Punishment of the Demons (4 articles)
TREATISE ON THE WORK OF THE SIX DAYS (QQ. 65-74)
Question 65. The Work of Creation of Corporeal Creatures
(4 articles)
Question 66. On the Order of Creation Toward Distinction
(4 articles)
Question 67. On the Work of Distiction in Itself (4 articles)
Question 68. On the Work of the Second Day (4 articles)
Question 69. On the Work of the Third Day (2 articles)
Question 70. Of the Work of Adornment, as Regards the Fourth Day (3 articles)
Question 71. On the Work of the Fifth Day (1 article)
Question 72. On the Work of the Sixth Day (1 article)
Question 73. On the Things that Belong to the Seventh Day
(3 articles)
Question 74. On all the Seven Days in Common (3 articles)
TREATISE ON MAN (QQ. 75-102)
Question 75. Of Man Who is Composed of a Spiritual and a Corporeal Substance; and in the First Place, Concerning What Belongs to the Essence of the Soul. (7 articles)
Question 76. Of the Union of Body and Soul (8 articles)
Question 77. Of those Things which Belong to the Powers of the Soul in General (8 articles)
Question 78. Of the Specific Powers of the Soul (4 articles)
Question 79. Of the Intellectual Powers. (13 articles)
Question 80. Of the Appetitive Powers in General (2 articles)
Question 81. Of the Power of Sensuality (3 articles)
Question 82. Of the Will (5 articles)
Question 83. Of Free-Will (4 articles)
Question 84. How the Soul While United to the Body Understands Corporeal Things Beneath it. (8 articles)
Question 85. Of the Mode and Order of Understanding
(8 articles)
Question 86. What our Intellect Knows in Material Things
(4 articles)
Question 87. How the Intellectual Soul Knows Itself and all Within Itself. (4 articles)
Question 88. How the Human Soul Knows What is Above Itself
(3 articles)
Question 89. Of the Knowledge of the Separated Soul (8 articles)
Question 90. Of the First Production of Man's Soul (4 articles:
Question 91. The Production of the First Man's Body (4 articles)
Question 92. The Production of the Woman (4 articles)
Question 93. The End or Term of the Production of Man
(9 articles)
Question 94. Of the State and Condition of the first Man as Regards His Intellect (4 articles)
Question 95. Of things Pertaining to the First Man's Will -- Namely Grace and Righteousness (4 articles)
Question 96. Of the Mastership Belonging to Man in the State of Innocence (4 articles)
Question 97. Of the Preservation of the Individual in the Primitive State (4 articles
Question 98. Of the Preservation of the Species (2 articles)
Question 99. Of the Condition of the Offspring as to the body
(2 articles)
Question 100. Of the Condition of the Offspring as Regards Righteousness (2 articles)
Question 101. Of the Condition of the Offspring as Regards Knowledge (2 articles)
Question 102. Of Man's Abode, Which is Paradise (4 articles)
TREATISE ON THE CONSERVATION AND GOVERNMENT OF CREATURES (QQ. 103-119)
Question 103. Of the Government of Things in General
(8 articles)
Question 104. The Special Effects of the Divine Government
(4 articles)
Question 105. Of the Change of Creatures by God (8 articles)
Question 106. How One Creature Moves Another (4 articles)
Question 107. The Speech of the Angels (5 articles)
Question 108. Of the Angelic Degrees of Hierarchies and Orders
(8 articles)
Question 109. The Ordering of the Bad Angels (4 articles)
Question 110. How Angels Act on Bodies (4 articles)
Question 111. The Action of Angels on Man (4 articles)
Question 112. The Mission of the Angels (4 articles)
Question 113. Of the Guardianship of the Good Angels
(8 articles)
Question 114. Of the Assaults of the Demons (5 articles)
Question 115. Of the Action of the Corporeal Creature (6 articles)
Question 116. On Fate (4 articles)
Question 117. Of Things Pertaining to the Action of Man
(4 articles)
Question 118. Of the Production of Man from Man as to the Soul
(3 articles)
Question 119. Of the Propagation of Man as to the Body
(2 articles)
THE SECOND PART ("Prima Secundae")
First Part of the Second Part (QQ. 1-114)
TREATISE ON THE LAST END (QQ. 1-5)
Sunday, July 31, 2011
Soupe au Pistou
Soup this weekend was Soupe au Pistou. My first time to make the needed pesto using my own basil. Also green beens and zucchini from my garden. This french soup is kinda complicated. Don't try it unless you have 4 or 5 hours to spend. Recipe from Soup a Way of Life by Barbara Kafka.
Wednesday, July 13, 2011
The Land of Painted Caves
This fiction book by Jean M. Auel contains a story abou Ayla, mate Jondalar and small daughter Jonayla as they live with their Zelandonii tribes and visit 14 ancient caves with paintings. Location in the Dordogne region of France.
Time period is the upper paleolithic, about 12,000 BP, not too long after the cave paintings were created. The current names of the caves is not mentioned directly in the book, but can be discovered through the descriptions and the excellent numbered maps inside the book covers.
Note: Photos from the caves are from website sources other than the book.
The visit to all of the Sacred Caves was a training tour for Ayla toward becoming a high tribe official. Guiding the tour was the current head official of Ayla's tribe and over associated tribes. Ayla's two horses and colt and pet wolf were part of the tour group. The horses provided transportation for them and supplies.
Caves of the Sacred Sites. These caves with paintings were considered to be sacred by the ancient people living there
1. Comarque*
2. Gabillou
3. Rouffignac
4. La Foret
5. Castelmerle
6. Combarelles
7. Gorge d'Enfer
8. Laugerie Haute
9. Cap Blanc
10. Lascaux*
11. Cougnac
12. Pech Merle
13. Chauvet
14. Font-de-Gaume
* Note: There did not appear to be any mention of the Comarque and Lascaux caves in the book
1. Gabillou cave is first one visited during a summer meeting of several Zelandonii tribes. It is a very small cave with a few animal engravings, discovered in 1941.
2. Rouffignac cave was their second visit in the book. Often called the mammoth cave with images of 100 mammoth. Images are engravings and some with black outlines. Images dated at 13,000 BP. More than 8 kilometers of passageways. Currently there is an electric train for the first 2 km.
One of the mammoth images and other animals in the Rouffignac cave.
3. La Foret cave (The Forest) was their 3rd visit. The Forest cave is small with 9 animal images carved in clay or incised in stone. Included are reindeer, horses, a lion and a mountain goat
4. Castelmerle, a complex of 9 different sacred caves, was their fourth visit. Mammoth painting photo and one of the complex of 9 sacred caves at Castelmerle:
6. Gorge d'Enfer cave. Photo of fish image in that cave:
7. Laugerie Haute. Images dated between 24,000 and 14,000 BP.
Cave entrance and drawing of a fish drying rack.
8. Cap Blanc. White Hollow or White Headland.
Mentioned in the book but no details or images available.
Part II in the book. Time is one year later.
9. Cougnac cave. Dated with 2 phases: 25,000 BP and 14,000 BP.
Large red ibex painting.
One main room, most sacred area.
Passage in and small side room and an ancillary passage on right.
Vague human figures, deer with dots in between them.
Magnificent 2 megaceroses painte in black outline.
A mamoth inside body of one of the megacerose (only line of back and head.)
Two other animals in black outline:
- a mountain goat
- an ibex or a chamois
More animals: mountain goat, deer, horses
A wounded man: lower body and legs.
A pair of goats and dots - more goats - 4 mammoths in red.
Another human like figure.
10. Pech Merle: 25,000 BP
Discovered in 1922, open to public since 1926.
Painting of horses:
Two tunnels after entering.
A horse, red dots.
Lion with a fantastic tail.
Megacerose, a giant deer.
Lots of red dots: pathway to the next world, or to show way back
Negative hand prints on walls.
Huge stalagmite pillars.
A big panel:
- many animals in black and superimposed.
- mammoths
- horses, bison, aurochs
On a cornice: bison and mammoths
Another large remarkable panel:
- 2 black horses, back to back. See photo above.
- large black dots inside each horse.
- horse head on a rock contour
Injured human figure as in Cougnac cave.
Very long cave, over 2 km long, 7 large halls.
Meaning of Pech Merle:
Pech = french writing of the occitan word: pueg = hill
Merle = could be ancient Gaelic word: = hill or high area.
11. Chauvet cave. "Most ancient sacred place" per the book.
Earliest known cave paintings, discovered in 1994.
On Ardeche river, paintings dated 30,000 to 32,000 BP.
Ceiling hung with stange and magnificent stalacites resembling long white hair.
Lion head in black, only black one in the cave.
Many red dots.
Three horse heads, two in yellow.
Large front of a deer.
Bear head in red, then a 2nd one, then a 3rd one.
Two ibex, partly in red.
Two mamoths, used relief of rock wall.
A bear with two lion heads on it.
Red spotted leopard.
A hyena.
Cave bear facing left.
Frieze of 5 rhinoceroses.
More mammoths, a rhinoceros.
Sketch of a black rhino.
An owl with head turned back.
About 50 animals in one room.
Many white engravings (marks exposing white surface underneath).
Two black mammoths facing each other.
Musk-ox with down turned horns.
A cave bear skull on top of a rock.
Horse panel on the wall: 4 heads on top of each other
(See photos above).
Rhinos fighting.
A bison with may legs.
Male and female lions, female sitting down.
Panel of male reindeer.
Four rhinos, partly painted and parly engraved.
Three black rhinos, one complete with black band around middle
Three lions, a bear, head of a bison, and a vulva.
Three lions side by side, facing right.
Lions and bison = lions hunting bison.
Bison heads on one wall, body in profile on perpendicular wall.
12. Font de Gaume cave.
Discovered in 1901, 17,000 BP paintings.
Aurochs stampeding.
Horses racing.
Bison and deer running.
Ibex.
Two bison bulls running past each other.
Great auroch bulls.
Huge cow flying in air appearance.
Cow giving birth.
Many horses in color: browns, reds, blacks.
That ends the summary of 12 of the ancient 14 sacred painted caves in the Dordogne region of France. Wonderful detailed descriptions in The Land of Painted Caves book published in 2011.
Time period is the upper paleolithic, about 12,000 BP, not too long after the cave paintings were created. The current names of the caves is not mentioned directly in the book, but can be discovered through the descriptions and the excellent numbered maps inside the book covers.
Note: Photos from the caves are from website sources other than the book.
The visit to all of the Sacred Caves was a training tour for Ayla toward becoming a high tribe official. Guiding the tour was the current head official of Ayla's tribe and over associated tribes. Ayla's two horses and colt and pet wolf were part of the tour group. The horses provided transportation for them and supplies.
Caves of the Sacred Sites. These caves with paintings were considered to be sacred by the ancient people living there
1. Comarque*
2. Gabillou
3. Rouffignac
4. La Foret
5. Castelmerle
6. Combarelles
7. Gorge d'Enfer
8. Laugerie Haute
9. Cap Blanc
10. Lascaux*
11. Cougnac
12. Pech Merle
13. Chauvet
14. Font-de-Gaume
* Note: There did not appear to be any mention of the Comarque and Lascaux caves in the book
1. Gabillou cave is first one visited during a summer meeting of several Zelandonii tribes. It is a very small cave with a few animal engravings, discovered in 1941.
2. Rouffignac cave was their second visit in the book. Often called the mammoth cave with images of 100 mammoth. Images are engravings and some with black outlines. Images dated at 13,000 BP. More than 8 kilometers of passageways. Currently there is an electric train for the first 2 km.
One of the mammoth images and other animals in the Rouffignac cave.
3. La Foret cave (The Forest) was their 3rd visit. The Forest cave is small with 9 animal images carved in clay or incised in stone. Included are reindeer, horses, a lion and a mountain goat
4. Castelmerle, a complex of 9 different sacred caves, was their fourth visit. Mammoth painting photo and one of the complex of 9 sacred caves at Castelmerle:
Castelmerle was a complex of 9 different shelter caves under limestone rocks (abris), which were inhabited, 14.000 years ago. In a small valley beind Sergeac, along the river Vezere. Many bright animal paintings, mammoths, etc.
5. Les Combarelles (Women's cave) was their 5th visit in the same year. Images dated at 11, 380 to 13,680 BP; engravings of horses, bison, and parts of human figures. There are 600 images. Photos below of location and cave entrance:
5. Les Combarelles (Women's cave) was their 5th visit in the same year. Images dated at 11, 380 to 13,680 BP; engravings of horses, bison, and parts of human figures. There are 600 images. Photos below of location and cave entrance:
6. Gorge d'Enfer cave. Photo of fish image in that cave:
Cave entrance and drawing of a fish drying rack.
8. Cap Blanc. White Hollow or White Headland.
Mentioned in the book but no details or images available.
Part II in the book. Time is one year later.
9. Cougnac cave. Dated with 2 phases: 25,000 BP and 14,000 BP.
Large red ibex painting.
One main room, most sacred area.
Passage in and small side room and an ancillary passage on right.
Vague human figures, deer with dots in between them.
Magnificent 2 megaceroses painte in black outline.
A mamoth inside body of one of the megacerose (only line of back and head.)
Two other animals in black outline:
- a mountain goat
- an ibex or a chamois
More animals: mountain goat, deer, horses
A wounded man: lower body and legs.
A pair of goats and dots - more goats - 4 mammoths in red.
Another human like figure.
10. Pech Merle: 25,000 BP
Discovered in 1922, open to public since 1926.
Painting of horses:
Two tunnels after entering.
A horse, red dots.
Lion with a fantastic tail.
Megacerose, a giant deer.
Lots of red dots: pathway to the next world, or to show way back
Negative hand prints on walls.
Huge stalagmite pillars.
A big panel:
- many animals in black and superimposed.
- mammoths
- horses, bison, aurochs
On a cornice: bison and mammoths
Another large remarkable panel:
- 2 black horses, back to back. See photo above.
- large black dots inside each horse.
- horse head on a rock contour
Injured human figure as in Cougnac cave.
Very long cave, over 2 km long, 7 large halls.
Meaning of Pech Merle:
Pech = french writing of the occitan word: pueg = hill
Merle = could be ancient Gaelic word: = hill or high area.
11. Chauvet cave. "Most ancient sacred place" per the book.
Earliest known cave paintings, discovered in 1994.
On Ardeche river, paintings dated 30,000 to 32,000 BP.
Ceiling hung with stange and magnificent stalacites resembling long white hair.
Lion head in black, only black one in the cave.
Many red dots.
Three horse heads, two in yellow.
Large front of a deer.
Bear head in red, then a 2nd one, then a 3rd one.
Two ibex, partly in red.
Two mamoths, used relief of rock wall.
A bear with two lion heads on it.
Red spotted leopard.
A hyena.
Cave bear facing left.
Frieze of 5 rhinoceroses.
More mammoths, a rhinoceros.
Sketch of a black rhino.
An owl with head turned back.
About 50 animals in one room.
Many white engravings (marks exposing white surface underneath).
Two black mammoths facing each other.
Musk-ox with down turned horns.
A cave bear skull on top of a rock.
Horse panel on the wall: 4 heads on top of each other
(See photos above).
Rhinos fighting.
A bison with may legs.
Male and female lions, female sitting down.
Panel of male reindeer.
Four rhinos, partly painted and parly engraved.
Three black rhinos, one complete with black band around middle
Three lions, a bear, head of a bison, and a vulva.
Three lions side by side, facing right.
Lions and bison = lions hunting bison.
Bison heads on one wall, body in profile on perpendicular wall.
12. Font de Gaume cave. Discovered in 1901, 17,000 BP paintings.
Aurochs stampeding.
Horses racing.
Bison and deer running.
Ibex.
Two bison bulls running past each other.
Great auroch bulls.
Huge cow flying in air appearance.
Cow giving birth.
Many horses in color: browns, reds, blacks.
That ends the summary of 12 of the ancient 14 sacred painted caves in the Dordogne region of France. Wonderful detailed descriptions in The Land of Painted Caves book published in 2011.
Friday, June 24, 2011
Summa Contra Gentiles
Chapter headings from this work by Thomas Aquinas,
written 1258-1264. Thomas was a Dominican living in 1225-1274.
BOOK I: GOD
Chapter 1
The office of the wise man.
Chapter 2
The aurthor's intention in the present works.
The pursuit of wisdom. Natural wisdom.
Chapter 3.
On the way in which Divine truth is to be made known.
Chapter 4.
That the truth about God to which the natural reason reaches is fittingly to men for belief.
Chapter 5
That the truths the human reason is not able to investigate are fittingly proposed to men for belief. Truths that exceed the reason.
Chapter 6
That to give assent to the truths of faith is not foolishness even though they are above reason.
written 1258-1264. Thomas was a Dominican living in 1225-1274.
BOOK I: GOD
Chapter 1
The office of the wise man.
Chapter 2
The aurthor's intention in the present works.
The pursuit of wisdom. Natural wisdom.
Chapter 3.
On the way in which Divine truth is to be made known.
Chapter 4.
That the truth about God to which the natural reason reaches is fittingly to men for belief.
Chapter 5
That the truths the human reason is not able to investigate are fittingly proposed to men for belief. Truths that exceed the reason.
Chapter 6
That to give assent to the truths of faith is not foolishness even though they are above reason.
Sunday, May 29, 2011
Politics: A Treatise on Government by Aristotle
Translated from Greek by William Ellis, A.M.
1st issue of this edition 1912
Reprinted 1919, 1923, 1928
Introduction: by translator
A handbook for the legislator, a state doctor, rather than one who has the power to control the forces of society.
For Plato and Aristotle the natural state is the ideal state.
BOOK I
Chapter I
Every city is a society and every society is established for a good purpose.
Chapter II
Masters and slaves, equal adantages for both
The gift of speech prooves that man is a more social animal than the bees or any herding of cattle.
Justice is a political virtue, by the rules of it the state is regulated. These rules are the criterion of what is right.
Chapter III
Family government
Chapter IV
Subsistence in a family.
Masters and slaves, husbands and wives.
Chapter V
Some men are slaves by nature, and others are free men.
Chapter VI
Some may be slaves as a result of a war. Others are slaves by nature. Then a mutual utility and friendship may subsist.
Chapter VII
A political state is government of free men and equals.
There is much difference between a free man and a slave.
Chapter VIII
A slave is a particular species of property.
Plants are created for the sake of animals and animals for the sake of men.
Chapter IX
Money was established as a necessary means of exchange>
Chapter X
Money making is two fold: for the service of the house or for retail trade.
Usury is most reasonably detested. Original purpose of money was for exchange. Breeding of money: usury is money bred of money. This is against nature.
Chapter XI
First and most proper parts of domestic management:
- Skillful in the nature of cattle.
- Advantages of keeping horses, or oxen, or sheep, or other
livestock.
- Comparative value of above things.
- Agriculture should be understood.
- Management of arable grounds and orchards.
- The care of bees, and fish and birds.Merchandise and gaining money by exchange.
- 2nd method by usury.
- 3rd method - wages for work done.
Monopolies to gain money.
Chapter XII
Government of wives and children:
- wife = citizen of a free state.
- children = under kingly power of the husband.
Chapter XIII
The virtues of slaves, women, and children.
BOOK II
Chapter I
The polity of those states which are allowed to be well governed. Things in common:
- common place to live = a city.
- wives and children and goods in common as per Plato and Socrates?
Chapter II
Reasons why families should be separate and not have all in common.
Chapter III
In upper Africa there are wives in common but deliver their children to their respective fathers guided by their likeness to them.
Chapter IV
With a common community there would be many improper intercourses betwen fathers and daughters, brothers and sisters, etc.
Chapter V
What manner property should be regulated - common or not.
But people should have education in common.
Disagrees with Socrates re common property, wives, etc.
Chapter VI
Discussion of Plato's book of Laws.
Chapter VII
Other forms of government permit:
- an equality of goods.
- forbidding the sale of property.
- an equality of honours.
- military provided.
Chapter VIII
Hippodamus designed a state :
- 10,000 persons
- artisans, husbandmen, soldier
- lands into 3 parts:
- sacred purposes
- public
- individuals
- 3 sets of laws
- assaults
- trespasses
- death
Chapter IX
- no right way of managing slaves
- some states women take it over if not well regulated.
- ephori - judges nto wells selected.
Chapter X
Public meals often a problem.
Chapter XI
Comparison of 3 best cities:
- Carthage - magistry of 104 persons
Aristocracy + Democracy
- Crete
- Lacedaemnia
Chapter XII
Laws of various cities
BOOK III
Chapter I
What is a city?
It is a collective body of many parts.
What is a citizen?
Not defined by a residence.
Complete citizen = having a share in the judicial and executive part of government.
A city is a collective body of citizens.
Chapter II
In common use a citizen can come from either a father or a mother. Others consider how many ancestors have been citizens. "A citizen is made by a citizen maker."
Chapter III
A city is no longer the same if its form of government changes.
Chapter IV
Virtues of a good citizen =
- safety of the community
- to know and do well
- how to command and how to obey
Chapter V
Mechanics and other such are considered imperfect citizens in some states and not citizens at all in others.
Chapter VI
Only one form of government or more than one?
Only one for each state or city.
Chapter VII
Different kinds of governments and good points:
- A kingdom - one ruler
- A theocracy - a few rulers
- A tyranny from a kingdom -only for the rich
- An oligarchy from a theocracy - only for the rich
- A democracy from a state - only for the poor
Chapter VIII
In oligarchy or democracy both will enjoy liberty, and from claims of liberty and wealth will arise continual disputes with each other re the lead in public life.
Chapter IX
Oligarchy vs democracy.
Chapter X
Where should supreme power be lodged?
Chapter XI
It seems supreme power be lodged with the many?
Best if according to their laws.
Chapter XII
How to determine what things are equal or unequal.
Chapter XIII
Who shall govern?
Ostracism rule for those too powerful, for a stated time.
Chapter XIV
The nature of monarchies? Varies.
- a king for life
- bound by laws even if tyrants.
- elective tyranny according to ancient rules regarding time.
- hereditary monarchy.
Chapter XV
Kings vs aristocracy.
Chapter XVI
Absolute monarch.
Written laws.
Chapter XVII
A tyranny is not according to nature.
Chapter XVIII
Three sorts of government and best will be that administered by the best man.
BOOK IV
Chapter I
What sort of government is best and most correspondent to our with? How best to preserve it.
Chapter II
Types and possible problems.
- Kingly: becoming tyrannical.
- Aristicratical: becoming oligarchical.
- Free states: becoming democratical.
Chapter III
Basically 2 forms: ruled by few or ruled by many.
Chapter IV
Best descriptions:
Democracy - when supreme power in the hands of freemen.
Oligarchy- when in the hands of the rich.
Many parts of cities and states:
1. husbandmen - provisions
2. mechanics - manual arts
3. exchange men - merchants, etc.
4. hired labourers or workmen
5. men at arms
6. distribute justice, council, civil wisdom
7. the rich
8. execute offices of the state
governors of city or state
office of senators
office of judge
Chapter V
Species of Oligarchies:
- census determines right to office
- magistrates men of very small fortune
- power in hereditary nobility
- hereditary nobility not controlled by lay - a dynasty
Chapter VI
Species of Democracy:
- meeting limits to qualify for government
- everyone eligble for magistrates
- every freeman right to govern
- when cities become very large and everyone to govern.
Species of Oligarchy:
- determined by the laws and enough freetime
- men of moderate means with leisure time.
- Few with large fortunes get laws changed to allow them to govern.
- Some get laws changed to allow son to succeed upon rich man's death.
Chapter VII
Kingly form and aristocracy defined previously
A fifth form = a free state:
Virtue not in their common case.
Chapter VIII
Free State - mixture of an oligarchy a democracy
Chapter IX
3 ways for two states to combine:
- Laws combined
- Rights to vote combined
- Different laws of each adopted
Chapter X
A tyranny vs Kingly
- both established by law
- tyranny not responsible for conduct.
object is his own advantage
Chapter XI
What form of government and what manner of life best for communities?
- A happy life must arise from an uninterrupted course of virtue
- Very rich
- In between is best
- Very poor
Chapter XII
Aristicratical government too much power to the rich.
Chapter XIII
Chapter XIV
Public assembly
Offices of the state
Judicial department
Chapter XV
Choice of magistrates - by vote or by lot
Chapter XVI
Judicial - 8 different courts:
- inspection of magistrates - contracts of great value
- injury of the public - foreigners and murder
- state causes - strangers
- magistrates and citizens - for small actions
BOOK V
Chapter I
- alterations in government
- destruction of each state, causes
- means to preservation of a state
Chapter II and III
Causes of seditions and revolutions. Examples
Chapter IV
More examples of revolutions
Chapter V
Causes of revolution in democracies
Chapter VI
Revolutions in oligarchies
Chapter VII
Revolutions in aristocracies
Chapter VIII
Preservations of governments:
- nothing be done contrary to law
- no credit to those who deceive
- census problems
- no one should have too much power
Chapter IX
Qualifications of officers of top departments of government
Education of children for the state.
Chapter X
Monarchies - corruption and preservation
Chapter XI
Preservation of monarchies:
- depends on on power of the kings being kept in moderate
bounds
- keep everyone busy: pyramids example, or in a war
- a king is preserved by his friends.
Chapter XII
An oligarchy and a tyranny are of all governments the shortest
duration.
A tyranny often changes to another form.
BOOK VI
Chapter I
Combinations of government
Many species of democracy
Different sorts of people
Chapter II
Democracy, equality and liberty: should elect by lot rather than by vote.
Chapter III
How to establish equality in a democracy?
By numbers, or by property, or ?
Chapter IV
4 kind of democracy:
- Best - with mostly husbandmen, farmers, etc.
- Next - mostly shepherds and herdsmen
- Worst - mostly mechanics, exchangemen, and hired servants
- Even worst - mostly tribesmen
Chapter V
Laws should be directed toward welfare of the state.
Chapter VI
How oligarchy founded? On principles opposite to democracy.
Best: government officers from better part of the people.
Chapter VII
Great number of horse = easy for an oligarchy to establish = military.
Oligarchy regulated by a census.
Chapter VIII
Magistrates - how many, what purpose?
- same persons not to pass sentence and execute it.
- guards of city and war.
- priests, etc - care of religion and temple.
BOOK VII
Chapter I
External goods produce not virtue, but virtue produces them.
Chapter II
Happiness of a man and a city the same thing or different?
Chapter III
An active life is the happiest.
Same life happy for the individual is also happy for state and every member.
Chapter IV
Size of city
Chapter V
Size of a country
Chapter VI
Country and city best by the sea?
Chapter VII
Natural disposition of community members.
Chapter VIII
Things necessary to a city:
- Food, arts, arms, revenue.
- Religious establishment - a court
- Personel to handle above.
Chapter IX
Priests in a class to themselves
Classes of people in a city or country are usually in more than one class.
Chapter X
Husbandmen and soldiers should be separate.
Common meals in some cities.
Religious worship paid by the state.
Land - 1/2 to individuals, 1/2 to state.
Of state land - 1/2 to common meals, 1/2 for religious purpose
Chapter XI
A city needs good position for:
- Health
- Business facilities
- Defense
- Water
- Wall protection
Chapter XII
Public tables for eating
Temples for worship
A large public square
A separate square for buying and selling.
Chapter XIII
What numbers and sort of people?
Chapter XIV
Education
Chapter XV
Reason and intelligence come with maturity.
Chapter XVI
Matrimony and nuptial contact.
Ages of a man and a woman.
Ages for having children
Best time to marry - women = 18, men = 37. Bodies at perfection
Winter best time to marry.
Chapter XVII
Food and care for children:
- milk, not wine
- cold weather good
- do not teach untl age 5
- disputes between boys contribute to their growth.
- never in company of slaves
- educate at home until age 7
- forbid speaking forbidden speech
- 2 stages = 7 to puberty, puberty to 21
BOOK VIII
Chapter I
Main Education should be public.
Chapter II
Teach to improve reason and rectify morals.
Chapter III
For Boys:
- Reading
- Gymnastic exercises - to produce courage
- Music
- Painting
Chapter IV
Exercising to improve body.
Chapter V
- Music - amusement and pleasure - tends to produce virtue.
- To instruct, to amuse, or for vacant hours
- Tends to improve manners and souls.
- Connection between harmony and rythm.
Chapter VI
Good to sing and play instruments.
Good to learn the practical parts.
Chapter VII
Harmony and rythm in music.
Doric and Phrygian music
Lydian music very good for children.
Complete index at end.
Finished reading 6/6/2011.
1st issue of this edition 1912
Reprinted 1919, 1923, 1928
Introduction: by translator
A handbook for the legislator, a state doctor, rather than one who has the power to control the forces of society.
For Plato and Aristotle the natural state is the ideal state.
BOOK I
Chapter I
Every city is a society and every society is established for a good purpose.
Chapter II
Masters and slaves, equal adantages for both
The gift of speech prooves that man is a more social animal than the bees or any herding of cattle.
Justice is a political virtue, by the rules of it the state is regulated. These rules are the criterion of what is right.
Chapter III
Family government
Chapter IV
Subsistence in a family.
Masters and slaves, husbands and wives.
Chapter V
Some men are slaves by nature, and others are free men.
Chapter VI
Some may be slaves as a result of a war. Others are slaves by nature. Then a mutual utility and friendship may subsist.
Chapter VII
A political state is government of free men and equals.
There is much difference between a free man and a slave.
Chapter VIII
A slave is a particular species of property.
Plants are created for the sake of animals and animals for the sake of men.
Chapter IX
Money was established as a necessary means of exchange>
Chapter X
Money making is two fold: for the service of the house or for retail trade.
Usury is most reasonably detested. Original purpose of money was for exchange. Breeding of money: usury is money bred of money. This is against nature.
Chapter XI
First and most proper parts of domestic management:
- Skillful in the nature of cattle.
- Advantages of keeping horses, or oxen, or sheep, or other
livestock.
- Comparative value of above things.
- Agriculture should be understood.
- Management of arable grounds and orchards.
- The care of bees, and fish and birds.Merchandise and gaining money by exchange.
- 2nd method by usury.
- 3rd method - wages for work done.
Monopolies to gain money.
Chapter XII
Government of wives and children:
- wife = citizen of a free state.
- children = under kingly power of the husband.
Chapter XIII
The virtues of slaves, women, and children.
BOOK II
Chapter I
The polity of those states which are allowed to be well governed. Things in common:
- common place to live = a city.
- wives and children and goods in common as per Plato and Socrates?
Chapter II
Reasons why families should be separate and not have all in common.
Chapter III
In upper Africa there are wives in common but deliver their children to their respective fathers guided by their likeness to them.
Chapter IV
With a common community there would be many improper intercourses betwen fathers and daughters, brothers and sisters, etc.
Chapter V
What manner property should be regulated - common or not.
But people should have education in common.
Disagrees with Socrates re common property, wives, etc.
Chapter VI
Discussion of Plato's book of Laws.
Chapter VII
Other forms of government permit:
- an equality of goods.
- forbidding the sale of property.
- an equality of honours.
- military provided.
Chapter VIII
Hippodamus designed a state :
- 10,000 persons
- artisans, husbandmen, soldier
- lands into 3 parts:
- sacred purposes
- public
- individuals
- 3 sets of laws
- assaults
- trespasses
- death
Chapter IX
- no right way of managing slaves
- some states women take it over if not well regulated.
- ephori - judges nto wells selected.
Chapter X
Public meals often a problem.
Chapter XI
Comparison of 3 best cities:
- Carthage - magistry of 104 persons
Aristocracy + Democracy
- Crete
- Lacedaemnia
Chapter XII
Laws of various cities
BOOK III
Chapter I
What is a city?
It is a collective body of many parts.
What is a citizen?
Not defined by a residence.
Complete citizen = having a share in the judicial and executive part of government.
A city is a collective body of citizens.
Chapter II
In common use a citizen can come from either a father or a mother. Others consider how many ancestors have been citizens. "A citizen is made by a citizen maker."
Chapter III
A city is no longer the same if its form of government changes.
Chapter IV
Virtues of a good citizen =
- safety of the community
- to know and do well
- how to command and how to obey
Chapter V
Mechanics and other such are considered imperfect citizens in some states and not citizens at all in others.
Chapter VI
Only one form of government or more than one?
Only one for each state or city.
Chapter VII
Different kinds of governments and good points:
- A kingdom - one ruler
- A theocracy - a few rulers
- A tyranny from a kingdom -only for the rich
- An oligarchy from a theocracy - only for the rich
- A democracy from a state - only for the poor
Chapter VIII
In oligarchy or democracy both will enjoy liberty, and from claims of liberty and wealth will arise continual disputes with each other re the lead in public life.
Chapter IX
Oligarchy vs democracy.
Chapter X
Where should supreme power be lodged?
Chapter XI
It seems supreme power be lodged with the many?
Best if according to their laws.
Chapter XII
How to determine what things are equal or unequal.
Chapter XIII
Who shall govern?
Ostracism rule for those too powerful, for a stated time.
Chapter XIV
The nature of monarchies? Varies.
- a king for life
- bound by laws even if tyrants.
- elective tyranny according to ancient rules regarding time.
- hereditary monarchy.
Chapter XV
Kings vs aristocracy.
Chapter XVI
Absolute monarch.
Written laws.
Chapter XVII
A tyranny is not according to nature.
Chapter XVIII
Three sorts of government and best will be that administered by the best man.
BOOK IV
Chapter I
What sort of government is best and most correspondent to our with? How best to preserve it.
Chapter II
Types and possible problems.
- Kingly: becoming tyrannical.
- Aristicratical: becoming oligarchical.
- Free states: becoming democratical.
Chapter III
Basically 2 forms: ruled by few or ruled by many.
Chapter IV
Best descriptions:
Democracy - when supreme power in the hands of freemen.
Oligarchy- when in the hands of the rich.
Many parts of cities and states:
1. husbandmen - provisions
2. mechanics - manual arts
3. exchange men - merchants, etc.
4. hired labourers or workmen
5. men at arms
6. distribute justice, council, civil wisdom
7. the rich
8. execute offices of the state
governors of city or state
office of senators
office of judge
Chapter V
Species of Oligarchies:
- census determines right to office
- magistrates men of very small fortune
- power in hereditary nobility
- hereditary nobility not controlled by lay - a dynasty
Chapter VI
Species of Democracy:
- meeting limits to qualify for government
- everyone eligble for magistrates
- every freeman right to govern
- when cities become very large and everyone to govern.
Species of Oligarchy:
- determined by the laws and enough freetime
- men of moderate means with leisure time.
- Few with large fortunes get laws changed to allow them to govern.
- Some get laws changed to allow son to succeed upon rich man's death.
Chapter VII
Kingly form and aristocracy defined previously
A fifth form = a free state:
Virtue not in their common case.
Chapter VIII
Free State - mixture of an oligarchy a democracy
Chapter IX
3 ways for two states to combine:
- Laws combined
- Rights to vote combined
- Different laws of each adopted
Chapter X
A tyranny vs Kingly
- both established by law
- tyranny not responsible for conduct.
object is his own advantage
Chapter XI
What form of government and what manner of life best for communities?
- A happy life must arise from an uninterrupted course of virtue
- Very rich
- In between is best
- Very poor
Chapter XII
Aristicratical government too much power to the rich.
Chapter XIII
Chapter XIV
Public assembly
Offices of the state
Judicial department
Chapter XV
Choice of magistrates - by vote or by lot
Chapter XVI
Judicial - 8 different courts:
- inspection of magistrates - contracts of great value
- injury of the public - foreigners and murder
- state causes - strangers
- magistrates and citizens - for small actions
BOOK V
Chapter I
- alterations in government
- destruction of each state, causes
- means to preservation of a state
Chapter II and III
Causes of seditions and revolutions. Examples
Chapter IV
More examples of revolutions
Chapter V
Causes of revolution in democracies
Chapter VI
Revolutions in oligarchies
Chapter VII
Revolutions in aristocracies
Chapter VIII
Preservations of governments:
- nothing be done contrary to law
- no credit to those who deceive
- census problems
- no one should have too much power
Chapter IX
Qualifications of officers of top departments of government
Education of children for the state.
Chapter X
Monarchies - corruption and preservation
Chapter XI
Preservation of monarchies:
- depends on on power of the kings being kept in moderate
bounds
- keep everyone busy: pyramids example, or in a war
- a king is preserved by his friends.
Chapter XII
An oligarchy and a tyranny are of all governments the shortest
duration.
A tyranny often changes to another form.
BOOK VI
Chapter I
Combinations of government
Many species of democracy
Different sorts of people
Chapter II
Democracy, equality and liberty: should elect by lot rather than by vote.
Chapter III
How to establish equality in a democracy?
By numbers, or by property, or ?
Chapter IV
4 kind of democracy:
- Best - with mostly husbandmen, farmers, etc.
- Next - mostly shepherds and herdsmen
- Worst - mostly mechanics, exchangemen, and hired servants
- Even worst - mostly tribesmen
Chapter V
Laws should be directed toward welfare of the state.
Chapter VI
How oligarchy founded? On principles opposite to democracy.
Best: government officers from better part of the people.
Chapter VII
Great number of horse = easy for an oligarchy to establish = military.
Oligarchy regulated by a census.
Chapter VIII
Magistrates - how many, what purpose?
- same persons not to pass sentence and execute it.
- guards of city and war.
- priests, etc - care of religion and temple.
BOOK VII
Chapter I
External goods produce not virtue, but virtue produces them.
Chapter II
Happiness of a man and a city the same thing or different?
Chapter III
An active life is the happiest.
Same life happy for the individual is also happy for state and every member.
Chapter IV
Size of city
Chapter V
Size of a country
Chapter VI
Country and city best by the sea?
Chapter VII
Natural disposition of community members.
Chapter VIII
Things necessary to a city:
- Food, arts, arms, revenue.
- Religious establishment - a court
- Personel to handle above.
Chapter IX
Priests in a class to themselves
Classes of people in a city or country are usually in more than one class.
Chapter X
Husbandmen and soldiers should be separate.
Common meals in some cities.
Religious worship paid by the state.
Land - 1/2 to individuals, 1/2 to state.
Of state land - 1/2 to common meals, 1/2 for religious purpose
Chapter XI
A city needs good position for:
- Health
- Business facilities
- Defense
- Water
- Wall protection
Chapter XII
Public tables for eating
Temples for worship
A large public square
A separate square for buying and selling.
Chapter XIII
What numbers and sort of people?
Chapter XIV
Education
Chapter XV
Reason and intelligence come with maturity.
Chapter XVI
Matrimony and nuptial contact.
Ages of a man and a woman.
Ages for having children
Best time to marry - women = 18, men = 37. Bodies at perfection
Winter best time to marry.
Chapter XVII
Food and care for children:
- milk, not wine
- cold weather good
- do not teach untl age 5
- disputes between boys contribute to their growth.
- never in company of slaves
- educate at home until age 7
- forbid speaking forbidden speech
- 2 stages = 7 to puberty, puberty to 21
BOOK VIII
Chapter I
Main Education should be public.
Chapter II
Teach to improve reason and rectify morals.
Chapter III
For Boys:
- Reading
- Gymnastic exercises - to produce courage
- Music
- Painting
Chapter IV
Exercising to improve body.
Chapter V
- Music - amusement and pleasure - tends to produce virtue.
- To instruct, to amuse, or for vacant hours
- Tends to improve manners and souls.
- Connection between harmony and rythm.
Chapter VI
Good to sing and play instruments.
Good to learn the practical parts.
Chapter VII
Harmony and rythm in music.
Doric and Phrygian music
Lydian music very good for children.
Complete index at end.
Finished reading 6/6/2011.
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